AVIAN INFLUENZA

Avian influenza is a contagious disease caused by influenza virus type A which includes sub-type H5, H7 and H9 ( highly virulent strain is sub-type H5N1 ), is transmitted by birds, both birds, ducks, chickens and some other animals such as pigs , quails and ostrich. Avian influenza virus live in digestion tract of poultry, poultry infected can release this virus through feces then dried and crushed into powder. This powder is inhaled by humans or other animals. This virus can also be transmitted through saliva of infected poultry.

The spread of avian influenza can cross the border states, the source of the virus come from the migration of birds and poultry transportation with infection by avian influenza virus. Certain areas with airspace during this became sojourn place of bird or a bird traffic at the turn of the seasons are very susceptible this disease.

Avian influenza can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected poultry, such as touching birds directly, through transport of poultry, equipments livestock and livestock feed. Transmission can also occur through clothing, including shoes of breeders, as well as at the time of purchase and sale activity of poultry in the markets. More infectious avian influenza from poultry to humans than human to another human being, unless the avian influenza virus experiencing of mutate and mix with human flu virus.

The symptoms of avian influenza in poultry varies greatly depending on the ferocity of the virus, the environment and the situation of poultry. The initial symptoms can include reproductive disorders is egg production decrease and many poultry die suddenly without any obvious symptoms. Symptoms are often found as a blue crest, the head and swelling around the eyes, fever, diarrhea, appetite decrease, breathing problems ( coughing, sneezing ).

The symptoms of bird flu in humans similar to other common flu, only tend to be more frequent and quickly become severe. Symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, headache, sore muscles and joints, until the infection in the lining of the eye. If things get worse can happen to severe respiratory distress characterized by a great shortness of breath and lung infection leading to pneumonia.

Prevention efforts against avian influenza, including :

1. Increasing healthy lifestyle.
2. Keeping the immune system.
3. Nutritionally balanced diet on a regular basis.
4. Do not buy poultry meat imports from places affected by outbreaks of suspected bird flu.
5. Processing of poultry in the right way, choose healthy poultry and cooking poultry until the temperature of 80 ° C for 1 minute, and cooking poultry eggs with a temperature of 64 ° C for 5 minutes.

Countermeasures against the best avian influenza currently is destruction of poultry infected by avian influenza, feces of poultry infected should be buried or burned in order not to be a source of disease transmission, and providing vaccinations for poultry that has not been infected.

SEE ALSO :

• Human Avian Influenza
• Influenza
• Bronchitis
  

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DIARRHEA

Diarrhea is a disease which in marked to defecation with frequency more than three times a day and watery flabby feces consistency, with or accompanied by blood in feces, with or without mucus in the feces.

Diarrhea is divided into two groups :
1. The character of diarrhea is acute.
Diarrhea occurs suddenly and lasts less than 7 days in infants, childrens and adults which healthy.

2. The character of diarrhea is persistent.
Starting from acute diarrhea with or without treatment there is no recovery and lasts less than 14 days or more.

Factors that can cause diarrhea :
1. Environmental factors.
Sanitation of environment which dirty with poor individual hygiene.

2. Infection factors.
Microorganisms as a cause of infection of diarrhea :
- Viral infections ( Rotavirus, Adenovirus )
- Bacterial infection ( Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, Vibro )
- Parasitic infection ( Protozoa, stomach worms )
- Fungus ( Candida )

3. Food factors.
Diet that is not hygienic, or spoiled foods, allergic to certain foods.
4. Psychological factors.
Fear and worry when moment which important and urgent, like a test.

5. Disruption of the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates ( lactose intolerance ), fats and proteins.

6. Disruption of immune the body, caused by changes in the weather.

In adult, maybe not difficulty for detecting and handling of diarrhea, but require attentive for cases in children and babies. Prolonged diarrhea can cause seizures in children resulting in death.
Detection of symptoms of diarrhea in childrens and babies :

1. Restless and often crying, increasing the body temperature caused by infection, decreasing appetite, and diarrhea occur.
2. The consistency of feces more watery , blood and mucus can be found or not in the feces, color changed to green ( mixed with bile ).
3. Anal and the surrounding area became irritation caused bythe character of feces which acidic.
4. The symptoms of vomiting can occur before or after diarrhea.

Diarrhea accompanied by persistent vomiting can cause considerable loss of water and electrolytes, then the trigger of dehydration.
The symptoms of dehydration as follows :

1. Weight loss
2. The eyes look sunken.
3. Mucous membranes of the mouth and lips look dry.
4. Feeling thirsty and wanted a drink continue
5. Decreased turgor of skin.
6. Frequency of urination decreased.

Dehydration can cause balance disturbance of acid basa is indicated by :

1. Blood sugar levels are declining.
2. Nutritional disorders.
3. Blood circulation disorders.
4. Respiratory disorders.

The first aid the most important diarrhea associated with the fluid needs in patient of children and adults. Diarrhea with watery consistency with or without vomiting require replacement of fluid and electrolyte without seeing the cause of the diarrhea. Fluid is recommended to be given liquid of sugar and salt, liquid diet ( soup, yogurt ), water that has been boiled. Fluids are given as much as possible until the diarrhea stops.

In infants with diarrhea should continue to be given mother’s milk for prevent malnourished. If babies receive infant formula milk is recommended for diluted from the size usually. In children who have received solid foods, is recommended to provide porridge least 6 times a day and can give fresh fruit juice or soft bananas to increase potassium intake is lost caused by diarrhea and vomiting. Should remain the same food was given after the diarrhea stops and give the food extra every day for 2 weeks.

In adults could be given anti-diarrhea medicine, but if pain of continuing, defecation increased accompanied by vomiting or hot body immediately advised the doctor to get proper medical treatment and accurate.

SEE ALSO :

• Diare
• Constipation in Infant
• Liposuction
  

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CONSTIPATION IN INFANT

Constipation is a condition of difficulty in expenditure feces with symptom defecate irregular, frequency decrease and to be accompanied with feel of pain.

In some infants can occur change the pattern of defecate, such as defecate frequency initially is reguler and fluent in the first week will be irregular in the week next. This condition resembles the symptoms of constipation in adults.

Constipation is common in infants who received additional formula milk, it caused content of casein protein from formula milk is higher than mother's milk, and this protein difficult to digested by the baby's intestines.

Conditions like constipation can occur in some infants who received mother’s milk by exclusively, due to absorption of mother’s milk so perfect that there is no the rest of result the digestive process can be discarded. This condition occurs because the mother is less fibrous foods such as fruit or vegetables.

If occur change on the frequency of defecate in your baby should not too quickly to conclude the baby experiencing of constipated and give drugs certain, particularly if there is no expression of pain during defecate and feces ( meconium ) like a baby who received mother’s milk by exclusively ( the first form of meconium in baby is sticky blackish, gradually occur change of colour yellow to greenish yellow sometimes shaped like grains of rice with the smell is not too flashy ), especially if the baby's growth was normal, his face bright and urination was normal.

Unless the baby is can not defecation accompanied by abdominal bloat, enlarged and distanded, vomiting if given a drink, the baby's condition grew weaker and moaning in pain, take it to a doctor immediately because it was feared there was disorder in the digestive system.

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• Ear Infection
• Cryoptheraphy
• Athrosclerosis
  

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ACUTE CORONARY HEART ATTACK

Syndrome of acute coronary heart attack is a corp of symptoms of sudden heart attack. Generally, this disease before the attack appeared healthy and only in 15 - 30 minutes to die.

Clinical symptoms of this disease are :

1. The patient experiencing of chest pain on the left is typical by suddenly. The pain is felt in the chest area between the chin with the navel. Patient experiencing of a very great pain, his chest like a crushed, pressed or squeezed.
2. Cold sweat from the body for more than 15 minutes.
3. The pain spread to his jaw right and left teeth, shoulders and back area.
4. More specific symptoms with bloating and pain in the gut such as ulcer disease.

The cause of the syndrome of heart attacks acute coronary as yet can not be known with certainty, but physiologically, this disease is due to vasoconstriction ( narrowing of the coronary arteries ). There are four matter that cause vasoconstriction :

1. There are of fat deposits in blood vessels due to the high cholesterol consumption.
2. Thrombosis.
3. Narrowing of blood vessels due to spasm that occurs continuously.
4. Infection in the blood vessels.

Although the cause of this disease is unknown, there are the factors that support the occurrence of this disease is called a risk factor. There are two risk factors in this case :
1. Non modifiable risk factors ( can not be changed ).
Age, gender, family history and history of previous attacks.

2. Modifiable risk factors ( can be changed ).
Smoking, obesity, food consumption triggers heart attacks, stress, anger and heavy training physical and mental fatigue

Acute coronary syndrome is one of the most high incidence of heart disease groups ( cardiovascular ) which caused death. Failure saving in terms of general medical aid is delayed due to a misunderstanding of this diseaseThe period between 15 - 30 minutes the patient should receive emergency aid cardiology.

SEE ALSO :

• Heart Attack Treatment
• Heart Attack Risk
• Heart Failure
  

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